This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this link to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Add article to my folders Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chang, J H Articles by Wakefield, D Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chang, J H Articles by Wakefield, D

Toll-like receptors in ocular immunity and the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory eye disease

¹ Laboratory of Ocular Immunology, Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
² Department of Ophthalmology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
³ Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Professor Denis Wakefield
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; d.wakefield{at}unsw.edu.au

Microbial agents have an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory eye diseases, such as uveitis and keratitis. Microbial infections of the eye such as microbial keratitis, ocular onchocerciasis, bacterial endophthalmitis, viral retinitis, and other infectious uveitis are unfortunately common. In addition, microbial agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of "non-infectious" immune mediated diseases such as HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that initiates rapid host innate immune response to microbial components known as pathogen associated molecular patterns, which are unique to a given class of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the expression and function of TLRs in the eye, with significant implications for better understanding of ocular immunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory eye diseases affecting the cornea, uvea, and retina.

Abbreviations: AAU, acute anterior uveitis; AMD, age related macular degeneration; APC, antigen presenting cell; CMV, cytomegalovirus; DC, dendritic cell; dsRNA, double stranded RNA; EIU, endotoxin induced uveitis; HLA, human leucocyte antigen; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IFN-ß, interferon ß; IL, interleukin; KO, knockout; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-2; NF-B, nuclear factor B; NOD, nucleotide oligomerisation domain; PAMP, pathogen associated molecular patterns; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; POS, photoreceptor outer segments; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; TIR, Toll/IL-1 receptor; Th, T helper; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF-, tumour necrosis factor

Keywords: toll-like receptors; eye; uveitis; keratitis; ocular inflammation

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. L. Rosenzweig, T. M. Martin, M. M. Jann, S. R. Planck, M. P. Davey, K. Kobayashi, R. A. Flavell, and J. T. Rosenbaum NOD2, the Gene Responsible for Familial Granulomatous Uveitis, in a Mouse Model of Uveitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1518 - 1524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Kezic, H. Xu, H. R. Chinnery, C. C. Murphy, and P. G. McMenamin Retinal Microglia and Uveal Tract Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Not CX3CR1 Dependent in Their Recruitment and Distribution in the Young Mouse Eye Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1599 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Adhikary, Y. Sun, and E. Pearlman C-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) is an essential mediator of Toll-like receptor 2-induced corneal inflammation J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2008; 83(4): 991 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Johnson, X. Li, and E. Pearlman MyD88 Functions as a Negative Regulator of TLR3/TRIF-induced Corneal Inflammation by Inhibiting Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2008; 283(7): 3988 - 3996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. C. S. Yadav, S. K. Srivastava, and K. V. Ramana Aldose Reductase Inhibition Prevents Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2007; 48(10): 4634 - 4642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Chang, T. Hampartzoumian, B. Everett, A. Lloyd, P. J. McCluskey, and D. Wakefield Changes in Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 Expression and Function but Not Polymorphisms Are Associated with Acute Anterior Uveitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2007; 48(4): 1711 - 1717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Huang, W. Du, S. A. McClellan, R. P. Barrett, and L. D. Hazlett TLR4 Is Required for Host Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2006; 47(11): 4910 - 4916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Sun, A. G. Hise, C. M. Kalsow, and E. Pearlman Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Corneal Inflammation Is Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Infect. Immun., September 1, 2006; 74(9): 5325 - 5332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]